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- SCIENCE, Page 79Wake Up, East And Midwest
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- The next Big One may not hit California after all
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- The sleepy cotton fields around New Madrid, Mo. (pop.
- 3,400), convey no sense of seismic menace. Yet scientists say
- the area is potentially one of the most dangerous earthquake
- zones in the world. Early in the past century an unseen fault,
- obscured by tons of sediment, unleashed a fearsome trio of
- tremors -- each as powerful, some say, as the earthquake that
- virtually destroyed San Francisco in 1906. The eyewitness
- accounts read like the tall tales of Baron Munchhausen. The
- ground rippled with waves as though it were an ocean. The
- Mississippi River raged with waterfalls and rapids. Fountains
- of sand erupted in gritty geysers. Shock waves, pulsing outward
- for hundreds of miles, wrecked boats in the Charleston, S.C.,
- harbor, cracked masonry in Cincinnati, and caused church bells
- to peal and buildings to shake as far away as New York City and
- Boston.
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- Today the fault at New Madrid remains active, regularly
- generating small, unnoticeable earthquakes and, from time to
- time, palpable jolts. Such quakes usually do not stir more than
- passing interest. But last week residents of southeastern
- Missouri snapped to attention when a moderate earthquake, rated
- 4.6 on the Richter scale, rattled windows, spilled coffee and
- broke ceramic figurines. Reason: the earthquake followed a much
- publicized prediction that the fault is likely to produce a
- major shock come Dec. 3, and many people feared last week's
- tremor could be a precursor. The prediction, which has made its
- way into several newspapers, was the work of Iben Browning, a
- New Mexico climate consultant, who based his forecast on an
- analysis of the gravitational pull of the sun and moon. Many
- seismologists, worried that public concern could degenerate into
- panic, have denounced it as unscientific hocus-pocus. At the
- same time, they agree that the New Madrid fault, which stretches
- over 225 km (140 miles), poses serious long-term risks,
- especially to the nearby cities of Memphis and St. Louis.
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- California has adopted strict building codes to limit
- earthquake damage, but no other area is so well prepared. If hit
- by large shocks, the unreinforced highways and bridges of the
- Midwest and East could collapse. Solid houses of brick and stone
- might as well be made of playing cards. "The infrastructure in
- this part of the country has never been tested by a major
- quake," says Arch Johnston of the Center for Earthquake Research
- and Information at Memphis State University. Fortunately, when
- the earthquakes of 1811 and 1812 occurred, the New Madrid region
- was too sparsely populated to suffer significant damage or
- injuries. A modern-day replay, however, would make the quake
- that shook San Francisco last year seem tame. That tremor
- measured 7.1 on the Richter scale. In contrast, the big quakes
- that rumbled forth from New Madrid may have exceeded 8.0, or
- about 10 times that strong.
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- Earthquakes frequently occur along the boundaries of
- continental plates, huge sections of the earth's crust that
- "float" on a mass of superheated rock. California's San Andreas
- Fault, for instance, marks the dividing line between the North
- American and Pacific plates, which are slowly slipping past each
- other. But the New Madrid fault lies in the middle of the North
- American plate, seemingly far from harm's way. Why do
- earthquakes occur in such an out-of-the-way spot? By analyzing
- seismic data, scientists have concluded that the New Madrid
- fault is a failed rift, or break, in the North American plate.
- Had it progressed further, the embryonic gap might have created
- a body of water like the Red Sea, which is slowly widening into
- an ocean. But hundreds of millions of years ago, the Midwestern
- rift stopped growing. The New Madrid fault today simply marks
- a weak spot in the thick midcontinental crust, which
- periodically ruptures under the pressure exerted by the
- migrating North American plate. It could take 500 to 1,000 years
- for enough force to accumulate to trigger a really big quake.
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- The area around the New Madrid fault is one of several known
- earthquake zones east of the Rockies. In 1755 Boston experienced
- a severe jolt, as did Charleston in 1886. Sooner or later a
- major quake is going to hit these areas again. And unlike the
- Western U.S., where hot rock close to the surface provides a
- squishy, shock-absorbing cushion, the middle of the continental
- plate is cold, hard and thick. Like their precursors in the past
- century, the next large quakes to strike in the Midwest or East
- are likely to resonate far and wide, like giant hammers hitting
- a huge block of steel.
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- By J. Madeleine Nash/Chicago.
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